How to purify water from fine impurities: iron, manganese, ammonia, nitrates

Compressor problems

Thus, in order to maintain the system in working, trouble-free condition, it is recommended to regularly carry out measures to detect and remove water from the system whose content exceeds the permissible level. Basically, three methods are used to combat system contamination:

Ammonia is an organic compound that has a specific odor. It is a pollutant of natural as well as industrial waters. It is present in wastewater from livestock and horticultural enterprises and a number of industries. It also gets into the water due to violations in the pre-water treatment processes, when ammonia gets into the water a couple of seconds before chlorination in order to ensure long-term disinfection. The MPC (maximum permissible concentration) of ammonia in liquid is 2 mg/dm3.

Today's technologies for purifying water from ammonia compounds imply a preliminary study of the acidity level, type and hardness of the liquid. In addition to ammonium ions, other pollutants can, and often are, also present in water, such as fluorides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorides, sulfates and other substances. Before choosing a method and method for purifying water from ammonia, you should conduct a chemical analysis of the composition of the water. This will help you choose the best option for purifying water from pollutants.

Water typically contains two forms: ammonium and ammonia. Ammonia itself is not dangerous, but in water with other elements it can create very toxic compounds that can harm human health. The sum of ammonia and ammonium makes up total ammonia nitrogen. The content of ammonia, ammonium, as well as their derivatives in water depends directly on the water hardness indicator. As a rule, at a pH less than 8, ammonium ions are found in water. If the pH is greater than 11, then ammonia ions are present in the water. The interval between 8-11 contains both substances.

Cost of industrial automatic sorption carbon filters

*The duration of the maximum short-term filter productivity Qmax (m3/h) is allowed for no more than 15-20 seconds. d – outer diameter of the filter in centimeters. h – filter height without control unit in centimeters.

Overall dimensions of filter housings

The price of the filter includes:

• double-layer filter housing made of polyethylene and reinforced fiberglass,
• backfill loading (granular activated carbon from coconut shavings supporting the gravel layer),
• automatic microprocessor control unit,
• internal lower radial drainage and distribution system (DRS),
• water riser pipe,
• upper slot die.

To increase productivity, filters are assembled into parallel systems and stages.

Effective water purification from ammonia

There are several methods for purifying water from ammonia and ammonium:

• Chlorination remains the most popular in Russia.
• Biological method
• Ion exchange method (IEM) on a strongly acidic cation exchanger
• IOM on inorganic ionite
• IOM on natural zeolite
• Aeration
• Reverse osmosis method
• Low temperature distillation

The method is chosen based on a number of factors: the composition of the water and the elements whose content needs to be reduced in the water, the performance of the installation, the operating costs, the degree of purification, the required purification selectivity and, of course, financial investments. Filtration has become the most effective method of purifying water from impurities and gases.

Testing water for ammonium in the NORTEST laboratory

To expect an accurate result that will provide all the necessary information about the current state of the water at the source, it is important to contact the right laboratory. The test room is equipped with everything necessary to conduct water tests for the presence of ammonia nitrogen from various sources. Using effective techniques, we can guarantee the accuracy of analyzes and their rapid implementation.

Being an accredited center, we issue conclusions that have legal force and can serve as evidence of poor quality treatment systems. The specifics of the information provided depend on each specific case - first of all, this concerns the type of analysis. Contacting the NORTEST laboratory will help you respond to violations in a timely manner and search for solutions that help improve the situation in the long term.

Filtration

One of the most effective methods of water purification is considered to be filtration using impregnated carbon. When removing ammonia and other contaminants from water, special attention is first paid to removing unpleasant odors and tastes. Therefore, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the materials used for filtration, their characteristics and properties.

When purchasing a particular filter, first check whether it can remove unpleasant odors from water. This is especially true for installations that filter wastewater. Today, wastewater treatment methods are used in a comprehensive manner, which allows the process to be carried out not only quickly, but also with the highest quality. The chemical elements most often used in the process are those produced on the basis of coal, which can purify literally any liquid, even when filtered naturally.

Activated carbon is considered the most effective filter filler for purifying water from ammonia. It is used over large areas of water surface.

It is noteworthy that the bulk density of this material is considered optimal for such a simple type of cleaning, and adsorption varies at approximately 60%, which is considered a fairly good indicator.

For your own wells and large quantities of water, it is better to install special filters that are suitable for the type of water being purified. To install them, it is better to call specialists who know all the nuances of their work. Small amounts of water can be purified using a pitcher filter, which has a carbon base that helps neutralize ammonia compounds. In extreme cases, for example, special products and reagents are used for aquariums. You can buy such reagents in stores that sell filters of various types and purposes, as well as special equipment designed for cleaning aquariums.

Another method is low-temperature distillation, during which the liquid being processed comes into contact with a special carrier gas, whose temperature is usually within 80 degrees Celsius. But this method is more suitable for industrial use, since it is harmful to use distilled water for drinking.

Also, alkali can be added as a reagent, which, upon contact with water, quickly heats up to a fairly high temperature. This increases the partial pressure of the pollutant in the water. Since ammonium ions do not dissolve in liquid, it is quite easy to remove them from the water with such a change in pressure. But this method is more suitable for large productions, since it requires constant monitoring by specialists, as well as certain knowledge in this area. In addition, most of the methods listed above are more expensive and require certain financial costs. Therefore, for houses, apartments and country cottages they often choose filtration, which pays off faster and is designed for home use.

Nitrogen in wastewater

Nitrogen, which is found in wastewater in a dissolved state, is most often represented by ammonium ions. They are formed by the addition of hydrogen ions to ammonia molecules. This can be facilitated by several factors, including the dissolution of ammonia, the hydrolysis of its salts, as well as the process of decomposition and further oxidation of organic matter.

The main sources of ammonia nitrogen pollution are:

• Industrial wastewater. This especially applies to chemical, petrochemical, coke and metallurgical areas.
• Domestic wastewater.
• Decomposition of protein substances during anaerobic reduction of nitrates and nitrites.

Taking into account the fact that wastewater can have a direct impact on the quality of groundwater and, as a consequence, water in wells and wells, SanPiN establishes a strict restriction regarding the maximum permissible concentration. So, for ammonium nitrogen the indicator should not exceed 1.5 mg/l.

Water treatment plant

High-quality water treatment plants include special installations and filters. In fact, water goes through several stages of purification, which help rid the liquid of an unpleasant odor.

But first of all, of course, a chemical analysis of the water is carried out. This is how the level of ammonia and other pollutants in it is determined. This is very important, since some filter elements may simply “not work” under the conditions that the customer has (for example, if the water contains, in addition to ammonia, petroleum products). The presence of ammonia in a well may require initially making this water source safe to use.

The toxicity of ammonia water depends on the level of ammonia and its derivatives. Small amounts do not pose a risk to human health. An unpleasant odor may indicate that the water has a high content of ammonium ions. Such pollution usually comes from the ground, and therefore it is better to use deep artesian wells. In installations that purify water from ammonia, the reverse osmosis method is used. This unit uses sorption and mesh filter equipment, as well as a flask-cartridge system.

Reducing turbidity and color of water

Why does water generally need to reduce turbidity and color, what do these indicators depend on?

Turbidity is caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal particles that scatter light. These are substances of organic or inorganic origin, and both of these types of particles can be present in water at the same time. Due to the presence of viruses, harmful microorganisms and other impurities, such water is not considered suitable for drinking; and even for technical purposes, it is recommended to reduce turbidity using special equipment (in particular, sorption filters).

Color is an indicator of the color of natural waters (determined by degrees of the platinum-cobalt scale), which is closely related to turbidity and also depends on the presence of impurities. At the same time, different substances give different colors: from iron, water becomes yellowish, from bacteria it acquires a green tint, etc.

The probable color of water can be preliminarily determined by the relief and type of terrain. It will be necessary to remove color when drawing surface water from rivers and lakes in the area of ​​peat bogs and swampy forests, because these water sources are characterized by the highest color values. The lowest color is observed in forest-steppe and steppe zones. Water treatment equipment using sorption filters is also successfully used to reduce color.

Floration and cavitation

Another method of water purification is flotation, cavitation. These are modern technologies that require careful selection of the reagent. Using a similar technique, not only ammonia is removed, but also water is disinfected. In addition, suspended particles and waste substances in the water can be crushed and crushed in this way before moving on to other stages of water purification. It is noteworthy that cavitation is carried out using bio-raw materials. This method has found its application both in everyday life and in industrial settings.

Water aeration

Water aeration is considered one of the most popular methods of water purification. It gets rid of not only ammonia, but also iron, methane and other compounds. In essence, there is a process of degassing and oxidation of substances dissolved in the liquid. This method is used in everyday life - for houses and cottages.

To purify water from ammonia, special dispensing pumps are usually used. These are special devices that pump air into the oxidation tank (or aeration column) using a compressor. Some of the most important parts of this installation are the flow sensors, the gas separation valve (through which excess air is removed along with the gases released), the control system and small compressors.

Stages of water purification

The stages of water purification refer to water treatment. Their quantity depends on the initial water quality. Modern filters allow you to remove many impurities in water, dissolved gases, microorganisms and other pollutants in several stages:

1. Preliminary cleaning involves the removal of mechanical impurities, such as sand, fibrous inclusions, helminth eggs, etc. In this case, mesh and cartridge filters are most often used. Examples include filters from Honywell or Pentek.
2. Demangation and deferrization is the process of removing methane, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, iron and other impurities and gases from water. This usually includes ammonia. But it’s worth checking with the company that distributes the filters. Equipment used: aeration column, air compressor, air separating valve, flow sensor, filter media, filter housing, multi-way control valve. Air is pumped into the installation, which, together with water, enters the aeration column, where oxidation and degassing occur. Passing through the filter material, oxidized substances remain on it, and excess gases and air exit through the valve. It is worth noting that the filter element is changed only once every 4 years.
3. The next stage is softening. Water passing through the filter element loses hardness salts. When we talk about water hardness, we mean the pH level. Typically the ion exchange method is used. The filter element is a resin saturated with sodium ions. Replacement is carried out every 4-5 years.
4. Fine water purification involves purifying water from mechanical impurities that remain from previous stages of purification - a fine filter element, and also a conditioning process is carried out. The latter refers to smell, taste, color, turbidity. Cartridge filters are usually used for this type of cleaning. An example would be the American company Pentek, which produces cartridges of this type. Cartridges are replaced in different ways - from one month to a year. The timing may vary depending on the intensity of use of the filter element.
5. Water disinfection. At this stage, microorganisms that are harmful to human health are removed. Either chemical or physical methods are used for this purpose. Chemical ones use reagents, and physical ones use boiling, UV rays or ultrasound. It is noteworthy that disinfection installations can be expensive, but their use is safer for human health than reagents.
6. Drinking water supply, in which water is prepared with a purification quality of 99%. But this is far from distilled water, since such installations have a special element that saturates already purified water with the necessary elements. A prominent representative of such an installation is Atoll. Most often, the installation is installed under the sink. The operating principle is reverse osmosis.

Ecology DIRECTORY

Ammonia can be removed from wastewater by chlorinating it, which oxidizes the ammonia to nitrogen gas. In this case, mono- and dichloramines are also formed, so treatment should be carried out with a large excess of chlorine (chlorine: ammonia ratio = 8-10:1), at which the formation of chloramines is minimal. The pH value is maintained at 7 in order to minimize the formation of nitrates and trichlorides.[...]

Ammonia removal by desorption is a process that is often considered as a possible method of wastewater treatment, but is not widely used in practice. The effluent from a typical domestic wastewater treatment system contains about 10-20 mg/L of nitrogen in the form of ammonium ion. This effluent is diluted. Aqueous ammonia from coke production is a highly saturated waste containing, for example, 5000 mg/l NH3 (14 each), as well as 2000 mg/l phenol, a certain amount of cyanide and oils. Desorption can only be used if we take advantage of the solubility of the pollutant, turning the ammonium ion into a gas.[...]

The gas from the scrubber passes through a wet electrostatic precipitator to remove the mist (ammonia - sulfur dioxide - water) inevitably formed during absorption, and is released into the atmosphere through a pipe.[...]

To remove nitrogen found in wastewater in the form of free ammonia, ammonium salts and nitrites from water, the reduction of nitrates to molecular nitrogen by a biological method (denitrification) can be used. It is first necessary to oxidize ammonium nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates (nitrification).[...]

When removing nitrogen in ammonium form, it is advisable to use ion exchange filters, in particular, filtering wastewater through a charge of natural zeolites. The degree of ammonia nitrogen removal is 90-954. Zeolite filters are periodically regenerated with sodium or calcium hydroxide (or table salt) at high pH and then washed with water. Ammonia is removed from the washing solution or released in the form of ammonium sulfate when neutralized with a solution of sulfuric acid. The use of zeolite filters provides a deeper degree and reliability of wastewater purification from nitrogen compared to other methods, however, the cost of purification is 554 times higher than the cost of purifying nitrogen from biological methods. [...]

To remove ammonia nitrogen, it is advisable to use a natural ion-exchange material - clinoptilolite, which belongs to the class of zeolites. Before supplying water to clinoptilolite filters, suspended substances are removed from it. Cleaning effect 90-97%. For regeneration, use a 5-10% sodium chloride solution, after which the load is washed with water. The ammonia released from the solution (during the regeneration of the solution by stripping ammonia in an alkaline medium) is absorbed with sulfuric acid; The resulting ammonium sulfate can be used as a fertilizer. To remove nitrogen-containing organic compounds, various types of distillation, extraction, and adsorption are used. Azeotropic distillation is used to isolate aniline from aniline water when its content in water is about 4 wt.%. More than 95% of aniline is separated in the form of a heteroazeotropic mixture, the organic aniline layer is then subjected to vacuum rectification to obtain anhydrous aniline.[...]

Sections from water are placed on a glass slide and filled with 2-3 drops of a 1% aqueous solution of KMP04 for 5 minutes, after which the solution is removed with filter paper and the sections are filled with weak hydrochloric acid (approximately 15%) until they become discolored. The acid is removed with filter paper, and the glass sections are washed two or three times with distilled water and after removing it, 2-3 drops of strong ammonia are applied, covered with a coverslip and immediately examined under a microscope. Shells containing lignin “M” are painted in tomato-red tones.[...]

Ammonia is blown off with air in cooling towers with a chord packing (Fig. To remove ammonia from water by 95-98% at 20°C, a ratio of air and water volumes in the range of 3000-6000 is required. With an increase in water temperature and the height of the packing, the efficiency of the process increases however, the process has disadvantages: the possibility of carrying it out only at positive temperatures; high air consumption; atmospheric pollution with ammonia. [...]

The wastewater of many industries is contaminated with volatile inorganic and organic impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide H28, carbon disulfide C82, sulfur dioxide B02, ammonia >III3, carbon dioxide C02, methane CH4, etc. Their content in wastewater is usually 0.1-1.0 g/l, many of them are valuable chemical products. These gases are aggressive; they cause or intensify corrosion of metals. A set of measures related to the removal of gases dissolved in it from water is called water degassing. There are physical and chemical methods of degassing.[...]

The ion exchange method is effective for removing ammonia. For this, the following can be used: wofatite, zeolite, from domestic cation exchangers KU-2. When the ammonia content in the source water is 0.2-1.0 g/l, the KU-2 cation exchanger completely purifies the water. Regeneration of the cation exchanger is ensured by a 10% solution of sulfuric acid.[...]

Methods for chemically removing gases from water involve adding substances to the water that react quantitatively with gaseous contaminants. For example, to remove chlorine from water (dechlorination), sulfur dioxide SO2, hyposulfite Na2S203-5H20, sulfite Na2S03, iron (II) sulfate FeSO, ammonia NH3, etc. are used. Iron filings, sulfites, sulfur dioxide, etc. are used to remove oxygen. NaOH, Na2C03, CaO, CaC03 are used to bind carbon dioxide. [...]

In rainy weather, ammonia released from wastewater can dissolve and fall into the water along with raindrops. Since the solubility of ammonia increases with decreasing temperature, in winter the efficiency of its removal is at the level of 30-50%, and in summer it increases to 98%. This indicates the economic inexpediency of using ammonia stripping in areas with cold climates. Even in the warm climate of the Los Angeles area (21st Century Water Factory - Orange County), warm air is supposed to be introduced into the cooling towers to desorption of ammonia. The latter will be heated by the heat coming from the distillation units. Maintaining a constant air temperature within 30.5-33° C should stabilize the process under consideration. [...]

The weight ratios of chlorine to ammonia nitrogen (Cb:N4) required for chlorination of wastewater to the inflection point range from 8:1 to 10:1; A lower value is applicable for wastewater that has undergone extensive pre-treatment. Analyzes have shown that chlorination to the inflection point at a pH in the range of 6.5-7.5 can give 96% ammonia removal, and at initial ammonia nitrogen concentrations of 8-15 mg/l, the content of residual trichloride nitrogen compounds never exceeds 0. 5 mg/l. Chlorination can be well adapted to physico-chemical treatment, and the process is relatively inexpensive and easy to implement and control. The disadvantage of excessive chlorination is that almost all of the chlorine introduced is reduced to chloride ions, resulting in increased concentrations of dissolved salts in the treated wastewater. For example, at a weight ratio of 8:1, the oxidation of 20 mg/L ammonia nitrogen produces 160 mg/L chloride ions. In many cases, complete removal of ammonia is not necessary to obtain the required quality of treated wastewater. However, when chlorination is close to the inflection point, the formation of chloramines may be too great and cause problems when these treated wastewaters are discharged directly into natural water bodies. Activated carbon is an effective means of destroying free and bound chlorine residues; Therefore, one way to solve the problem may be to pass treated wastewater through coal columns.[...]

If the water temperature drops significantly (up to 0.1-0.2 °C) in winter, the water supply channels should be insulated by covering them with mats and other material, and the ponds should not have strong flow. In summer, on the contrary, overheating of water in stagnant reservoirs and cage farms is possible, which is eliminated by increasing flow, mixing water, etc. When there is a deficiency or supersaturation of water with oxygen, aeration is most effective, with the help of which in the first case the water is saturated with oxygen, and in the second - from it removes gas bubbles. Aeration also helps to remove and oxidize harmful gases - ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc. In aquarium farming, ozonation of water is widely used to improve the environment. [...]

After cooling, 0.4 g of sodium nitroprusside is added to the solution. After dissolving it, the volume is adjusted to 1 dm3 with distilled water. The solution is stored for no more than 2 months. in the refrigerator in a dark glass bottle.[...]

The process of treating water with a magnetic field, which is created by permanent magnets or electromagnets, has been successfully used. With the atom, there is no need for complex reagent facilities. There are ways to directly remove accumulated salts from circulating water. In the nitrogen fertilizer industry, for this purpose, ammonia is used, which is a product of the enterprise itself. [...]

The electrochemical method for treating wastewater from the production of polycarbacin includes two stages: removal of zinc in the form of sulfide and oxidation of organic impurities [192, 193]. When using an anode made of lead dioxide electrodeposited on titanium, an anode current density of 5-10 A/dm2, pH 3-8, temperature 15-75 ° C and a process duration of 2.5-4 hours, the efficiency of treating wastewater containing from 1. 78 to 3.62 g/dm3 of organic sulfur compounds (in terms of carbon disulfide), reaches 100%. The total content of organic impurities according to COD is reduced by 84-90%. As a result of the deep destructive decomposition of sulfur-containing compounds, there are no toxic organic compounds in the solution after electrolysis. Sulfuric, formic and oxalic acids, ammonia and a very small amount of formaldehyde were identified in it. [...]

These methods are used primarily to remove volatile substances such as ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and highly volatile organic bases. Desorption can be carried out by boiling solutions, supplying hot steam, inert gases, or air to the solution. Desorption is possible in artificial structures and in natural conditions from the water of reservoirs or biological ponds. [...]

Currently, the practical application of removing nitrogen compounds from wastewater is extremely limited due to the great difficulties in creating effective and economically acceptable solutions. Practically, the removal of nitrogen compounds from wastewater is carried out at a treatment plant near the lake. South Tahoe (USA). This station uses the ammonia stripping method known in chemical technology. This method is based on the dissociation of ammonium ions in a strongly alkaline environment to form ammonia gas, which can be blown off with air under conditions of repeated spraying of liquid. In the process of intensive spraying of liquid, the thickness of the surface film at the moment of formation of individual drops is insignificant and does not create obstacles to the free transition of ammonia into the air. In multi-tier cascades with a high air flow rate, i.e., with a low concentration of ammonia in the air, the process is quite efficient.[...]

The currently existing water recovery station (Fig. 14.4) with a design capacity of 28,000 m3/day consists of traditional biological treatment facilities and equipment for tertiary physical and chemical treatment. Primary and secondary treatment is carried out using activated sludge, with excess activated sludge being dewatered and incinerated. Effluents are freed from phosphorus and nitrogen through lime treatment and ammonia air stripping. For maximum phosphate precipitation, a lime dosage of 400 mg/l (in terms of CaO) is required. The resulting high pH wastewater is pumped through counterflow cooling towers to remove nitrogen. The water is then recarbonated to lower the pH to 7.5 before being filtered through mixed media pressure filters. Activated carbon adsorbers absorb persistent soluble organic substances not removed by lime coagulation, and the final stage of purification involves final chlorination. The limescale sediment is recalcified for reuse in the technological process.[...]

Water vapor, reducing the partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in the mixture, increases the volatility of these components and facilitates their more complete extraction from water. Using a pilot plant, the most optimal stripping temperatures were determined and the dependence of the degree of hydrogen sulfide removal on water vapor consumption was obtained (Fig. 5.6). As can be seen from table. 5.2, the lowest residual hydrogen sulfide content (10-30 mg/l) is achieved at 150 °C and a steam consumption for stripping of 6-10% on raw materials. At 120°C and increasing steam consumption even to 20-30%, it is not possible to reduce the residual contamination of the effluent with hydrogen sulfide below 100-150 mg/l. Therefore, to maintain the degree of hydrogen sulfide purification at the level of 25-50 mg/l, reducing the temperature below 140 °C is impractical. [...]

Despite the high efficiency of sand filters for removing microbes and viruses from water, the water is not completely free of them. An additional purification step, a second chlorination of the water, destroys any microorganisms remaining after sand filtration. Chlorine also reacts with ammonia that may be present in the water. Chlorine is added in excess of the level at which all microorganisms are killed and the level required to react with the ammonia present in the water. This leads to the appearance of free (i.e. unreacted) chlorine in the solution. One of the reasons that chlorination is such a preferred disinfection of public water supplies is that this excess, or residual, chlorine provides a quick and easy test for its presence. When such a test indicates the presence of free chlorine in the water, you can be sure that any new microorganisms introduced into the water will also die.[...]

During the production of ammonium sulfate, wastewater is formed that is contaminated (MHHBO). Ammonia formed during the hydrolysis of (NH4)2BO4 can be removed from water by stripping in an alkaline environment. [...]

The use of the steam circulation method for dephenolization of wastewater from coke plants requires preliminary removal of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from the water. Free ammonia increases the pH of the solution, and a significant part of the phenols goes into a dissociated state, in which the phenols are not distilled off. Free hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide lower the pH of wastewater, and, it would seem, should contribute to the process of phenol removal. However, when they are distilled off together with phenol, they neutralize the alkali solution, which is used to wash the circulating steam away from the phenol. An alkali solution neutralized with hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide stops absorbing phenol from the circulating steam, and the concentration of phenol in it increases to such a value that the distillation of phenol from the wastewater practically stops. The concentration of these gases in wastewater before feeding it into the dephenolizing column should be reduced to 10-20 g/m3. [...]

The tests of a natural ion exchanger, clinoptilolite, for the removal of ammonia nitrogen from biologically treated wastewater are worthy of attention. When filtering through columns loaded with clinoptilolite (1.9 m3 each) at a rate of 14.7 m/h, the removal of ammonia nitrogen was 90% with an initial content of 16 mg/l in wastewater. Regeneration of clinoptilolite was carried out with a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sodium chloride (in a volume ratio of 1:20), the resulting ammonia from the regenerate was removed by blowing. [...]

The most difficult problem in operating the entire structure is associated with ammonia stripping. Accumulations of calcium carbonate were deposited on the loading tower (cooling tower) of roughly sawn hemlock planks. They reached such sizes that they interfered with the formation of water droplets and the passage of air, as a result of which the efficiency of the tower sharply decreased. Experience has also shown that using the tower at ambient temperatures below 0°C is impractical. Ice formation and a decrease in the efficiency of ammonia removal (less than 30%) lead to the fact that the operation of the tower at low temperatures becomes unprofitable. An improved ammonia stripping system consisting of ponds filled with high-pH treated water and high-pressure compressed air spray facilities is currently being explored; at the last stage, chlorination of water to the inflection point can be used. Lime-treated clarified wastewater will flow into ponds equipped with air supply equipment (the residence time of water in the ponds will be less than 1 day). Jets of recirculating water formed under the influence of forced air will partially release ammonia into the atmosphere. The water coming out of the ponds will be supplied to the top of the tower (without loading) and sprayed using nozzles. Air flows directed upward using forced ventilation will help complete the ammonia stripping process. If necessary, before filtration, water can be chlorinated to the inflection point (in this case, chlorination is a backup and not the main method of water treatment). [...]

Free chlorine (HOCl + OCl-) is usually used in water and wastewater treatment for disinfection and ammonia removal. However, in addition to the desired effects, residual free chlorine can also have a number of undesirable ones; Thus, it is toxic to organisms existing in water, reduces the taste of drinking water, and is aggressive during industrial use of water. Thus, free chlorine should be removed from water or at least its content reduced. Dechlorination is also necessary to reduce the amount of chlorinated organic substances formed in some waters. These and other reasons show the importance of studying the processes of removing chlorine from water.[...]

Gases can form in solution as a result of the breakdown of organic matter in water. Ammonia, released from nitrogen-containing compounds as a result of biochemical processes, is present in an acidic solution in the form of an ammonium radical, while in an alkaline solution it remains in the form of ammonia gas. One method for removing ammonia nitrogen from wastewater is based on increasing the pH followed by distilling off ammonia by blowing with air. Another gas released from rotting wastewater and detected by a specific odor is hydrogen sulfide HB. The BN- group, also formed in aqueous solutions as a result of biochemical processes, is converted into H2B under conditions conducive to the occurrence of reduction reactions. Hydrogen sulfide is then removed from the solution as a gas. In a sewer system, this can lead to pipe corrosion due to the oxidation of H25 to sulfuric acid H2504 in the condensation moisture present on the internal surfaces of the pipes. [...]

Coal contains 0.5-1.5% nitrogen. When coking coals, part of the nitrogen is released in the form of ammonia. It is captured by washing coke oven exhaust gases with water. To complete the removal of HS3, lime milk [suspension of Ca(OH)2 in water] is added to ammonia dissolved in boiling water and bound with sulfuric acid. The base for the production of ammonia from coal is increasing with the development of the metallurgical and coal industries.[...]

Similarly, when determining small amounts of nitrogenous compounds in organic matter, distillation of ammonia over magnesium oxide does not ensure sufficiently complete (for the purpose of subsequent determination of nitrogen in organic compounds) removal of ammonia from inorganic salts. At the same time, during the process of distilling off the decomposition product of organic matter with water vapor, a significant part of the ammonia does not enter the distillation due to the reasons stated above. The determination results turn out to be inaccurate and poorly reproducible. They depend on the temperature of the steam, the intensity of boiling water, the rate of distillation of water vapor, the length of the path it travels to the receiver of the distillation products, etc. [...]

The efficiency of natural desorption after 5-6 days is 50-60%. As a rule, natural desorption is not used for wastewater treatment due to atmospheric air pollution with toxic compounds. Desorption is carried out in various types of apparatus in a flow of inert gas and steam under normal conditions or at elevated temperatures, under pressure or in a vacuum. The consumption of gas or steam for removing impurities depends on the type of desorbed compounds, the composition of the water and the conditions of the process. To remove CCL from wastewater, 15-20 m3 of air per 1 m3 of water is consumed at an irrigation density in the packed column of 60 m3/(m2-h) for Raschig rings and 40 m3/(m2X X h) for chord packing. When blowing off SBg and N23, the optimal air flow rate is 10 m3/m3 of waste with an irrigation density of 12 m3/(m2Х Хч). When desorption in a vacuum, the air flow can be reduced to 3 m3/m3 of waste with an increase in irrigation density to 60 m3/(m2-h). Air flow also decreases with increasing temperature of the effluent being treated. For ammonia desorption, the air flow rate at 95% recovery was 3000 m3/(m2-h). Independent use of the method, as a rule, does not meet the requirements of sanitary standards.[...]

A solution of citrate, sodium, ammonium citrate, citric acid or sodium tartrate. Dissolve 10 g of one of the listed substances in 90 ml of distilled water, make it alkaline with ammonia (pH 8.5-9) and extract with several successive portions of the dithizone solution until the lead is removed, after which the remaining dithizone is extracted by shaking the solution with several portions (by 2-3 ml) pure chloroform.[...]

Preparation of the simplest installation for nitrogen determination (Fig. 172). 250 ml of distilled water is poured into the distillation flask 4, 15-20 ml of a mixed indicator solution is poured into the ammonia collection vessel 6 (0.06 g of methyl red is dissolved in 100 ml of ethanol and mixed with 0.04 g of methylene blue, dissolved in 100 ml ethanol). Then they turn on the water-jet pump and electric stove and carry out the distillation, condensing the water vapor in the refrigerator. If no more than 0.2-0.3 ml of 0.01 N is consumed to neutralize 100 ml of distillate. solution H2504, then the device is considered ready for use. Turn off the electric stove and water-jet pump, remove water from the distillation flask 4 and the indicator solution from the vessel for absorbing ammonia 6. 80 ml of a 40% solution of sodium hydroxide NaOH is introduced through a funnel into the distillation flask, turn on the electric stove and boil the solution, turning on the water-jet pump until removal nitrogen in the form of ammonia (5-10 min). The completeness of ammonia removal from an alkali solution is monitored by a change in the color of the indicator, which is restored to the original by adding 0.01 N dropwise from a burette. NgBS solution. The alkali purification is considered complete if the violet color of the indicator persists for 3-5 minutes [...]

Regenerated gold waste is placed in a container equipped with a dispenser, a direct cooler and an alkaline trap and filled with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids (1:3) at the rate of: per 1 g of gold, 4 g of hydrochloric acid and 1.6 g of nitric acid. The mixture is heated in a water or oil bath. After the metal has completely dissolved, the water is distilled off (about 2/3 of the original volume) and the heat is removed. Add 2-3 volumes of hot water to the remaining solution and mix thoroughly. Without stopping stirring, add a 25% ammonia solution at the rate of 10 ml per 1 g of gold. The deposited sediment of “explosive gold” is thoroughly washed with water until the smell of ammonia is completely removed, preventing the formation of a dry sediment, which after washing is dissolved in a 30-40% solution of potassium cyanide at the rate of 1.0-1.5 g per 1 g of gold. The resulting solution of potassium dicyanaurate can be used for preparing and adjusting gilding electrolytes.[...]

Of undoubted interest are the data from experimental studies of the “microbial” method, carried out by Todgunter and Abson, for the sequential (in three stages) removal from wastewater of: 1) phenols; 2) thiosulfates, thiocyanates and pianides; 3) ammonia. In this case, to destroy phenols, cultures of Vibrio Cyclosites, Vibrio 01, Pseudomonas S7, Actinomycetaceae S2 were used, fed with acids and salts, including H3P04, FeCl3 and MgS04. For the oxidation of thiosulfates, thiocyanates and cyanides, cultures of Thiobacillus thiocyanoxidans, Thiobacillus S3, S4, S5 were used with feeding including H3P04. For the oxidation of ammonia, the activity of the Nitrobacteraceae Se-SJX culture alone with feeding including NaCl, MgS04, KH2P04 and FeS04 was sufficient. [...]

Hydrolysis takes place at 160–200 °C and pressures up to 1.5–2.0 MPa, the duration of the process is from 1 to 6 hours, therefore, although hydrolysis followed by desorption guarantees complete breakdown of urea and complete removal of the resulting ammonia from water (at additional blowing with air and steam up to 10 mg/dm3) [2, p. 357; 28], however, this process is associated with significant capital costs, as well as the possibility of equipment corrosion by carbonate solutions at temperatures up to 200 °C. The disadvantages of the process also include the loss of urea found in wastewater.[...]

The absorption method involves separating a gas-air mixture into its component parts by absorbing one or more gas components with an absorber (absorbent) to form a solution. The composition of the absorbent is selected from the condition of dissolution of the absorbed gas in it. For example, to remove gases such as ammonia, hydrogen chloride, etc. from process emissions, it is advisable to use water as an absorption liquid, sulfuric acid to trap water vapor, and viscous oils to capture aromatic hydrocarbons (from coke oven gas).[...]

The reasons for changes in the stability of liquid-phase systems must be analyzed taking into account the thermodynamic properties of all participants in the equilibrium. In [51], in particular, evidence is given of the inadequacy of assessing only the concentrations of water and a non-aqueous component as reactants. In the case of a complexation reaction, the addition of ethanol to water leads to an increase in the negative A5° values ​​of the reaction. The process of ligand solvation plays a significant role in this. The greater influence of changes in the composition of the liquid phase on the free energies of transfer of the No. 2+ ion compared to complex ions should lead to a decrease in the stability of the complexes with increasing alcohol concentration in water. However, the observed increase in stability is due to a decrease in the AS° of ammonia solvation. Increasing the stability of complexes in practice complicates the process of removing heavy metal from a liquid-phase system.[...]

Further, apparently, it is possible to carry out reagent treatment of wastewater and sediments by methods of neutralization, sedimentation, oxidation, etc. The most common treatment scheme is neutralization of wastewater with lime, followed by separation of sediment and additional purification of water or precipitation of metals in the form of sulfides, carbonates, ferrites, etc. Often reagent treatment is carried out to remove harmful components in the form of gases from wastewater (ammonia distillation, etc.). For the oxidation of cyanides, phenols, xentogenates, dithiophosphates and other organic water pollutants, various oxidation methods are widely used - “active chlorine” and its derivatives, ozone, electrochemical oxidation, etc. [...]

Providing first aid for FOP poisoning should begin with the immediate cessation of further entry of the poison into the body. This is achieved by using a gas mask (respirator), removing the victim from the poisoned atmosphere, treating contaminated clothing and exposed skin with 5-10% ammonia solutions or 2-5% chloramine B solutions and washing the skin with water. Removal of the substance from the skin should be done carefully, without smearing.[...]

The distillate containing 4X-2K is poured into a separating funnel (1 l), 25 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in it and acidified with 10 ml of concentrated HC1. Chlorocresol is extracted with petroleum ether or n-hexane (2 x 100 and 2 x 75 ml). The combined extract is washed with three 25 ml portions of distilled water (to remove acid residues). Chlorocresol is extracted from the organic phase with 1 N. ammonia solution (4 x 10, then 2 x x 7.5 ml).[...]

At the Mobil oil refinery, usa c0. Since 1965, in East Chicago (USA), process condensate from catalytic cracking has been subjected to desorption purification with low-pressure steam in a column with 20 cap-shaped trays. Optimal operating mode: capacity 9.1-13.6 m3/h, condensate temperature at the entrance to the column is not less than 107°C, temperature of the upper phase at the outlet of the head condensate 68.3-73.9°C, pressure in the column 0 ,18-0.35 ati, steam consumption 0.2 t per I m3 of condensate. The degree of removal of sulfides is almost 100%, ammonia is approximately 98%, the residual content of ammonia nitrogen is less than 20 mg/l. The purified condensate is sent to the ELOU; There is also the possibility of stripping and feeding process condensate from the primary oil refining unit to the ELOU. Water consumption for oil washing is usually 4-6% [14].[...]

Using a micropipette, 0.1 ml of sample solutions and a standard scale are applied to the starting line (1.5 cm from the edge), which is prepared in the same way as samples (the dry residue is dissolved in 1 ml of ethanol). The size of the spots should not exceed 0.5 cm. The plate is dried in air for 3 minutes and placed in a chromatography chamber with a solvent system - chloroform: methanol: 25% ammonia solution (90: 10: 1). After the mobile solvent rises to the end of the plate, it is removed from the chamber and left for several minutes for the solvent to evaporate, then placed in a drying cabinet at a temperature of 100 ° C for 10 minutes to release ammonia vapor, then the plate is treated with water vapor (hold for 2 minutes over a boiling water bath) and transferred to a chamber with chlorine vapor, where it is kept for 15 minutes. To remove chlorine vapor, the plate is placed in a drying cabinet at a temperature of 50 °C for 1 minute. Next, the plate is irrigated with o-tolidine solution. Ephedrine hydrochloride appears as a dark blue spot with 1 = 0.13 ± 0.02. After 1 hour, a quantitative measurement is carried out using a planimeter or densitometry.[...]

The basic principle of separation is that the materials constituting waste can be separated from each other only if they differ to some extent in their chemical or physical properties. The greater this difference, the greater the likelihood of creating the equipment necessary for such separation. Each process requires the presence of a special agent to facilitate separation, and the phenomenon of separation itself requires the presence of materials with different properties. For example, the removal of ammonia from water by desorption begins at the moment of supply of non-condensable gas, and separation occurs due to different rates of evaporation of ammonia and water. Proper design of a material separation process for a specific contamination control application depends on making the best use of differences in material properties and the correct use of separation facilitating agents.[...]

How to purify water from ammonia from a well and well

TITANOF titanium filters effectively fight ammonia in water and do not require cartridge replacement. The principle of operation of the filter is based on design features: titanium, crushed to a powder state, is sintered in the form of a porous tube. The structure, similar to a beehive, retains fractions measuring 0.8 microns or more (1 thousandth of a millimeter). In addition to ammonia, a titanium filter successfully copes with dissolved and oxidized iron and other small impurities. Thanks to the anti-corrosion properties of titanium, the cartridge is not consumed during operation. As the filter element becomes dirty (determined by water pressure), it must be removed and soaked for several hours in a solution of ordinary citric acid. It cleans the cartridge of iron and other contaminants and the filter is again completely ready for use. This simple care is available without any special equipment and does not require special skills. Thanks to this, the service life of the TITANOF titanium ammonia filter is practically unlimited.

Harmful of ammonia in water

In addition to the smell, this gas also has other unpleasant consequences in case of excess in water and concomitant oversaturation through ingestion and / or water procedures:

• headache,
• allergic skin reactions (up to the appearance of blisters),
• disorders of the nervous system,
• increased blood pressure,
• possible pulmonary edema,
• kidney dysfunction.