Order Cypriniformes. General characteristics, system. Family Carp. Characteristics, features of distribution. Features of biology. Families Loach and Chukuchanov.

Description

This order includes the majority of freshwater representatives of the class of ray-finned fish. Length varies from 1 cm ( Paedocypris progenetica
from Southeast Asia) to 3 m (
Catlocarpio siamensis
also from Southeast Asia). They live on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Representatives of the order Cypriniformes are distributed in water bodies of Europe (331), Asia (3232), Africa (543 species), North (394) and South (2) America. Despite significant differences in conditions and lifestyle, in the structure and shape of the body, they all have a number of common characteristics. Among the most important are the presence in the vast majority of fish of a swim bladder connected to the digestive tract, and a kind of “Weberian apparatus” that serves to perceive water pressure. Their pelvic fins are mostly located behind the pectoral fins. The jaws do not bear teeth, but there are strong teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones of the gill apparatus, forming the pharyngeal chewing apparatus. The body is usually covered with scales, in very few it is naked; the head is bare; there is no adipose fin, the mouth is more or less retractable and often equipped with antennae; The swim bladder is divided into two or more sections.

Cypriniformes

Representatives of the order Cypriniformes are very similar in appearance to herrings , differing sharply in the presence of the Weberian apparatus, formed by the four anterior vertebrae. Length varies from 6 cm to 1.7 m.

Bloody tetra, or Minor (Hyphessobrycon callistus)

The body of cyprinids, as a rule, is covered with cycloid scales, in very few they are naked; the head is bare; no adipose fin; the mouth is more or less retractable and often equipped with antennae; The swim bladder is divided into two or more sections. Pelvic fins, if present, are behind the pectorals, on the belly. The fins are without spines, or there may be a spine in the dorsal, anal and pectoral fins (the dorsal fin sometimes has two spines). On the last gill arch there are pharyngeal teeth, which have a complex structure and not only facilitate the swallowing of prey, but in a number of species also grind it. The mouth is more or less retractable and is often equipped with antennae. The swim bladder is divided into two or more sections.

Chukuchan (Catostomus catostomus), juvenile

Cypriniformes are widespread in the fresh waters of Europe, Asia, Africa and North America; they are not found in South and Central America, Madagascar, the southeastern islands of Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. The largest number of species is found in the southeastern part of Asia. In our freshwater bodies, the number of species dominates over other groups of fish. This group includes six families containing about 1800 species.

Red-bellied Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri)

Among Cyprinidae there are herbivores, predators and omnivores: juveniles of almost all species feed on zooplankton; grown and adult individuals of many species are benthosophagous, not only collecting invertebrates on the ground, but also burrowing in the mud, sometimes at a depth of up to 10 cm (crucian carp, carp, bream, etc.); others feed on zooplankton their entire lives. There are active predators that eat small fish (asp, chub, etc.) and herbivores (carp, silver carp, etc.).

Eigenmannia sp.

In most cyprinids, sticky eggs are deposited on stones or vegetation. The eggs of some species, such as grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), develop in the water column. Female bitterlings - Rhodeus sericeus, using a long tubular ovipositor, lay eggs in the mantle cavity of large bivalve mollusks. Among the cyprinids there are also “cuckoos” that throw their eggs into the nests of other fish. Some cyprinids are characterized by the formation of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids.

Red Phantom

Many species are of great commercial importance . Particularly noteworthy is the roach living in desalinated areas of the Caspian Sea, an anadromous form of roach - R. rutilus, carp - Cyprinus carpio, bream - Abramis brama, asp - A. aspius. Small species - Gobio gudgeons, loaches - Cobitis, Misgurnus, and leucaspius - serve as food for large commercial species. Cultivated breeds of carp (mirror and other carps), as well as grass carp - Ctenopharyngodon idetta and silver carp - Hypophtalmichtys molitrix and Aristichtys nobilis are bred in fish ponds; the last three predominantly herbivorous species are used in southern irrigation systems to prevent overgrowth. Over approximately a thousand years of domestication and subsequent selection of the goldfish - Carassius auratus - several hundred breeds of ornamental goldfish have been bred in Japan and China.

Exodon paradoxus

Representatives of Cyprinidae are known from the Upper Cretaceous. The order includes almost 3,000 species of marine and freshwater fish.

Taxonomy of the order Cypriniformes: Family: Alestidae = Alestidae, African tetras Family: Anostomidae = Anostomidae, smallmouths Family: Apteronotidae = Apteronotidae Family: Catostomidae Gill = Chukuchanov Family: Characidae = Characinidae Family: Citharinidae = Cytharinidae Genus: Distichodus Müller et Troschel = Distichodae View: Distichodus lusosso = Distichodus lusosso Species: Distichodus sexfasciatus Boulenger = Six-banded distichod Species: Distichodus affmis Gunther = Distichodus argent Family: Cobitidae Berg, 1912 = Loaches Family: Ctenoluciidae = Ctenoluciidae Family: Curimatidae = Curimatidae Family: Gaster opelecidae = Wedge-bellied Genus: Gasteropelecus Scopoli = Cyprinidae Species: Gasteropelecus sternicla = Common sternicla Family: Cynodontidae = Cynodontidae Family: Cyprinidae Bonaparte = Cyprinidae Family: Electrophoridae Gill = Electric eels Family: Gasteropelecidae = Cynodontidae Genus: Carnegiella Eigenmann = Carnegiella Species: Carnegiella strigata = Carp Negiella marbled Family: Hemiodontidae = Hemiodontidae, semi-dentate Family: Hepsetidae = African combed pike Family: Lebiasinidae = Lebiasinidae Genus: Nannostomus Günther = Nannostomus, nannostom Species: Nannostomus beckfordi Günther = Beckford's Nannostomus Species: Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann = Nannostomus marginatus Genus: Po ecilobrycon = Pecilobrycon Family: Serrasalmidae = Piranhas Genus : Genus: Metynnis Cope = Dollarfish, Metynnis Species: Metynnis argenteus Ahl = Silvery Metynnis Species: Metynnis hypsauchen (Müller et Troschel) = Disc-shaped dollarfish Species: Metynnis maculatus (Kner) = Spotted Metynnis Genus: Myleus Müller et Troschel = Mileus Species: Myleus rubripinnis luna = Moon Mileus Family: Sternopygidae Cope = Sternopygidae and other families

Literature: 1. L. S. Berg. Freshwater fish of the USSR and neighboring countries. Part 2. Edition 4. Moscow, 1949 2. N. P. Naumov, N. N. Kartashev. Zoology of vertebrates. Lower chordates, jawless fish, amphibians. Moscow "Higher School", 1979

Carp-shaped message. Report

Carp: description of fish and its fishing.
choosing a place, gear, bait and useful fishing tips from experts (120 photos) The carp report will briefly tell you a lot of useful information about this type of fish and help you prepare for the lesson.

"Carp-shaped" message

Representatives of Cypriniformes differ from other fish by the presence of the Weberian apparatus, which is formed by 4 anterior vertebrae. The body length is from 6 to 1.7 m. They have been known since the Upper Cretaceous period. The order includes almost 3,000 species of freshwater and marine fish. It is noteworthy that in the process of evolution, carp-like fish lost their adipose fin, their jaw teeth also disappeared, and their lower pharyngeal bones grew.

Cyprinidae habitat

Cypriniformes are common in the waters of Europe, Africa, Asia and North America. You will never meet them in Australia and New Zealand, South and Central America, on the southeastern islands of Indonesia, Madagascar. The greatest diversity of species lives in the southeastern part of Asia. In the CIS countries, cyprinids dominate over other fish species.

Features of the structure of carp-like

As a rule, the body of cyprinids is covered with cycloid scales. However, many species lack them. The head is naked and there is no adipose fin. The retractable mouth is often equipped with antennae. The swim bladder is divided into two or more sections. The fins of cyprinids are spineless; only the anal, pectoral and dorsal fins may have one spine each. On the gill arch there are pharyngeal teeth, which have a complex structure and help swallow and grind food.

What do cyprinids eat?

Among the representatives of cyprinids there are predatory, herbivorous and omnivorous individuals. Almost all young fish feed on zooplankton; adult individuals of the species are benthosophagous, collecting invertebrates on the ground and burrowing in the mud at a depth of up to 10 cm (carp, bream, crucian carp). Other species eat zooplankton their entire lives. Active predators eat small fish - chub, asp. Herbivorous forms include silver carp, grass carp and others.

Features of the order Cypriniformes:

Cyprinidae fish include the following 4 subspecies:

• Characin or Cretaceous.

• Catfish.

• Paleocene or cyprinid.

• Acne.

During the breeding process, cyprinids lay sticky eggs on vegetation or rocks. In some species (grass carp), eggs undergo a development cycle in the water column. And female bitterlings lay eggs using a long tubular ovipositor into the mantle cavity of large bivalve mollusks. It is interesting that among the representatives of cypriniformes there are also “cuckoos” that throw their eggs into the nest of other fish.

The meaning of carp-like fish

Most of the species diversity is of commercial importance. Thus, roach, roach, carp, asp, bream, gudgeons, loaches, and verkhovkas are bred on special fish farms not only for food, but also to feed them to larger commercial fish. In fish ponds, people have bred and raised cultivated breeds of grass carp, carp and silver carp. In Japan and China, hundreds of breeds of ornamental fish were developed a thousand years before the domestication and selection of goldfish.

We hope that this message helped you prepare for the lesson and you learned a lot of useful information about them. You can leave your short story about cyprinids using the comment form below.

Carp-like

The second order after the perciformes in terms of species number, the Cypriniformes, are freshwater fish of Eurasia, North America and Africa, to which 13 families belong more than 4,423 species, including many commercial and popular aquarium fish. Among them there are also huge ones, for example, the giant barbel from the Mekong River basin (up to 3 m and 300 kg, feeds on algae and phytoplankton), and dwarf fish (colorless notropis, up to 5 cm in length, North America).

Giant barbel

Cyprinids are the only ones that have strong teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones, the so-called pharyngeal teeth, which are used to chew food (there are no teeth on the jaws), covering more than 65% (3006 species) of all cyprinids. Many of them go out to feed in the estuarine areas of rivers and in the brackish waters of estuaries (fish, bream, shemaya, etc.), and the large-scaled rudd, on the contrary, enters rivers only to spawn.

Large-scaled rudd-ugai

Among the cyprinids there are active predators (chub, asp, etc.), herbivores (rudd, podust, khramuli, etc.) and benthic (bottom feeders - bream, crucian carp, barbs, etc.).

Chub

Some live in clean running waters (bystryanki, chub, gudgeons, etc.), others feel good in silted, overgrown closed reservoirs (tench, crucian carp, etc.).

Tench

A small bitterling takes care of its offspring: its female, with a long ovipositor tube, lays eggs in the mantle cavity of bivalves, and the mollusks also benefit, since their larvae - glochidia - cling to the bitterling fry and are spread throughout the entire reservoir.

Common bitterweed

Many cyprinids are important objects of fishing (bream, roach, fisherman, ide, etc.) and pond fish farming (carp, crucian carp, tench, etc.).

Common roach

Silver carp and grass carp are also raised in ponds and reservoirs, the numbers of which are maintained by artificial breeding, since they do not find the necessary conditions for natural reproduction in Russia.

White amur

The Red Data Books include carp, Danilevsky dace, andruga dace, Danube gudgeon, Dnieper and Crimean barbel, shemaya and small fisherman.

Yelets-andruga

Loach and balitoridae (about 230 species) in Russia are represented by spined loaches, loaches and baleen loaches - small freshwater bottom-dwelling, peaceful, sedentary fish that quickly burrow into the soil or hide in various shelters.

Whiskered Char

All articles

Description of the species

Types of carp: mirror, koi and others

In fact, carp has long been a domesticated form of wild carp. But the carp has a much more elongated body. Many centuries ago, wild carp was domesticated in China. After this, travelers brought it to their countries. At first, it was used as a simple aquarium fish, but over time, this fish began to be bred on an industrial scale. This was facilitated by the fact that carp is very prolific and has gastronomic value. Carp were also released into wild bodies of water. Due to fertility, the population of the species in them quickly increased.

In addition, there was also natural migration of fish. Carp entered European waters through Asian rivers. The same caviar could have been transported from Asian regions to European waters by waterfowl. The carp also found its way to Australia, where the same situation developed with it as with rabbits. It quickly became the dominant species in Australia's global hydraulic system. Because of this, the issue of using the herpes virus to combat it is even being discussed. So in Australia it is easiest to catch a real trophy and this country is a kind of fishing Eldorado.

The carp has a moderately long body, which is covered with large scales. Most often, the sides have a golden or silver tint. The back is almost black. By the way, the color may change depending on the place where the fish lives. Pond species usually have a very dark color. But the river one differs from its pond counterpart in lighter colors. The carp's head is quite large. Its characteristic mustache allows it to be distinguished from other fish. It can also be easily distinguished from other fish thanks to its dorsal fin, which is quite long. The dorsal fin contains a spiny, jagged ray. There are situations when he cuts the fishing line with this beam.

Being an exclusively peaceful fish, carp prefers food of plant origin. It also feeds on a variety of worms, mollusks and insects. But it is unlikely that you will be able to catch it with fry.

Types of carp

Valuable varieties of red fish

There is a misconception that carp fish is an artificially bred species, the ancestor of which is the carp.

This belief is completely wrong. In fact, carp have always been found in freshwater bodies of water. Those types of carp that lived in running water had a thinner, elongated body. The lake species, living in stagnant bodies of water with a rich food supply, gradually gained weight and increased in size. It was this species that began to be bred in the imperial ponds of China, from where it spread throughout Eurasia. Currently, carps are considered large freshwater fish that live mainly in stagnant water.

There are several varieties of carp:

1. Common carp. The species is the most common. It is also called scaly carp, golden carp, etc. The body is massive, round, completely covered with scales. The color is closer to golden or brown; darker specimens are also found. It is this variety that is basic for cultivation under artificial conditions.
2. Mirror carp. An exclusively selective species, bred in Germany in the century before last. One of the largest species. The scales do not cover the entire body, but only the upper part or are located along the central line of the body. The scales are very large, shiny, similar to small mirrors (hence the origin of the name).
3. Naked (leathery) carp. The name speaks for itself. There are practically no scales on the body of this type of carp. This species is not as common as others due to its increased vulnerability to infections and parasites.
4. Wild carp. This species is found exclusively in natural conditions. It lives in reservoirs only with running water, since it cannot exist in conditions of oxygen starvation. The body of wild carp is highly elongated and covered with mucus. The structure of the muzzle has some similarities with the common carp.
5. Koi carp (Japanese carp). The Japanese are famous for their love of breeding ornamental fish. As a result of selection, they managed to obtain a stable species of carp with exotic colors. These are spotted fish with red and white colors. Morphological characteristics are similar to wild or common carp.

There are even rarer varieties of the carp family: Siamese carp, crucian carp, Chinese crucian carp. All these are hybrid forms.

Habitats and habits

Common river carp, also called scaly carp, lives throughout Europe, Siberia and Asia. In the 19th century, it was brought to America, where, due to the lack of natural enemies, it became very widespread. Carp is unpretentious, but does not tolerate the cold. Found in any body of water, even in ponds with stagnant water. Prefers large reservoirs, lakes, large arms, ponds, quarries, reservoirs.

Young individuals gather in flocks, large ones can live alone. This fish prefers water bodies that are well heated by the sun. They should have a muddy bottom and a lot of vegetation, since it is in such places that carp look for food. It is not found in open areas with a sandy bottom where it is impossible to hide. He loves thickets, snags, holes, and dense vegetation.

This fish is active in the warm season. Overwinters in holes, under snags, hibernating. It survives the cold well thanks to a thick layer of mucus on the body.

The peculiarity of carp is that it is unpretentious and easily reproduces in captivity. It began to be bred in Ancient China. Carp lived in ponds and were a favorite delicacy of emperors. The extreme fertility of this fish is reflected in the name: “carp” is translated from Greek as “harvest”.

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It can be prepared at home or bought in fishing stores. But stores are expensive, and to prepare bait at home, you need to spend a lot of time, and, to be fair, homemade bait does not always work well.

You know that disappointment when you buy bait or prepare it at home and only catch three or four bass?

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Commercial carp fish

It's no secret that many representatives of the carp family are an important part of the fishery. The thing is that almost all of them are highly resistant to bad environments, quickly gain weight, and are also distinguished by endurance and good taste.

The list of fish that are of greatest commercial importance includes several hundred names. Among the pass-through forms:

• vobla;
• ram;
• raw (the same fisherman);
• carp (or kutum), etc.

One of the representatives of commercial cyprinids is roach

If we are talking about freshwater cyprinids, then these are:

• carp;
• crucian carp;
• carp;
• chub;
• tench;
• superlative;
• bream;
• ide and many others etc.

As for paid fishing, in reservoirs intended for such fishing, they try to breed the same crucian carp, carp and tench, as well as silver carp and grass carp.

Representatives of freshwater cyprinids

Types of carp

Having completed a short review of the whole carp family and having found out who is included in it, let’s take a closer look at the carp itself. After all, this fish is of great interest to any fisherman.

It is customary to distinguish several types of carp. They differ from each other in appearance, habits, habitat, etc. Moreover, almost all types of carp are found in reservoirs in Europe and Asia, which means that each of them can become your prey:

River or wild carp

Better known as carp. In fact, this fish is the original form from which pond carp were bred. It is distinguished by a slightly more elongated body, structure and color of scales. It also does not have a “bump” on the top of the head, which is typical for pond carp. Carp is more demanding of living conditions; it requires water with a high oxygen content. That's why he lives in rivers. Rarely reaches large sizes - as a rule, its weight does not exceed 6-8 kg. The largest number of carp individuals lives in the Caspian Sea basin.

Carp can be called the progenitor of pond carp

Scaly (common) carp

It has a great resemblance to carp. However, this fish also has a number of individual traits. For example, a wider body, a smaller head and the presence of a pronounced transition from head to back, which anglers call the “hump.” It can reach a weight of up to 30-40 kg. Scaly carp are less demanding of their living conditions. At the same time, it grows and gains mass faster than the rest of its “relatives”. It is also believed that scaly carp are hardier and more prolific than carp.

Mirror carp

Artificially bred from the form of scaly carp. Germany is considered its homeland. It was from this country that in the 19th century the mirror carp “migrated” to the reservoirs of almost all of Europe and Asia. It is unusual in that it has very few scales on its body. At the same time, they are located so that all sides of the mirror carp remain almost bare. Only a small amount of scales (golden, brownish or silvery) are found near the head, fins and tail. Mirror carp is a real “record holder”. Its weight reaches 50-60 kg, and the body length of some individuals exceeds 1 m.

naked carp

It is easy to guess that this representative of cyprinids is completely devoid of scales. Only in some fish of this species can you find a couple of scales on the body in the area of ​​the dorsal fin. Otherwise, naked carp resembles its mirror “brother”.

Naked and mirror carp differ from ordinary carp in the complete or partial absence of scales

Koi carp

Koi carp is becoming increasingly common in the waters of Eurasia. This species is also of artificial origin. This fish was originally bred in Japan. Valued for its unique colors. It has a mostly white body with orange spots. However, there are currently more than 80 breeds of koi carp, among which there are fish with red, yellow, beige, dark gray, blue and orange colors. This type of carp is quite hardy and unpretentious. Moreover, it easily lives in reservoirs where the oxygen content in the water is only 0.5 mg/l.

Order Cypriniformes

About 15% of all known fish belong to the Cyprinidae order - more than 2900 species. These include, in particular, ferocious piranhas, flying fish, electric eels, as well as neon and fire Tetris, which are well known to aquarists.

The richest in the number of species and the most widespread family of this order is the Cyprinidae. There are more than 1,700 species of cyprinids. Representatives of this family are found in the fresh waters of Europe, Asia and North America; there are no cyprinids only in Central and South America. They were brought to Australia in the 19th century, and soon they became a real disaster, as they began to actively displace local fish species from water bodies.

The shape and color of the body of members of the family depends on their habitat and lifestyle. The body is covered with cycloid scales or is naked. Many cyprinids are vegetarians, which is very rare among fish. Their jaws are devoid of teeth, but they have teeth in the throat, where they are located in 1-3 rows; With their help, fish grind or chew food. Females are usually larger than males. Cyprinids are predominantly freshwater fish; only a few species are found in brackish and sea waters, but they all lay their eggs in fresh water.

In Primorye there are 46 species of cyprinids, of which only 2 species of Far Eastern rudd: large-scaled and small-scaled rudd are semi-anadromous fish. Far Eastern rudds differ among themselves in the size of their scales, nuptial coloration, size of their range, behavior during spawning and attitude to salinity.

(large-scaled eagles) is found everywhere in the waters of Primorye. It is widespread in other areas of the Sea of ​​Japan and in the Sakhalin-Kuril waters. The large-scaled rudd reaches a length of 50 cm and a weight of 1.5 kg. Its life cycle is divided into two periods. The marine period is associated with feeding in certain areas of the sea; The freshwater period includes wintering and spawning. The fertility of females entering the rivers of Primorye to spawn ranges from 5 to 35 thousand eggs. The mating color is very bright: three stripes of orange-red color run along the entire body of the fish. The pectoral and ventral fins are also orange. The cheeks are also brightly colored. Males have a “pearl rash” in the form of tubercles on the head, back and at the base of the pectoral and ventral fins. It is rarely observed in females. Large-scaled rudd spawns in April-May, at a water temperature of 7-18°. At spawning grounds, fish stay in a dense school, females in the center, males along the periphery. Males, using the movements of their pectoral and pelvic fins, dig out the surface layer of pebbles, and females lay eggs in the resulting depressions. The caviar is orange in color, not sticky; The parents bury the fertilized eggs with the help of fins to a depth of 20 cm. The spawned individuals roll into the sea. Immature individuals live in the lower reaches of rivers all year round. The large-scaled rudd becomes sexually mature at the age of 2-3 years, lives on average up to 8 years, in females the life expectancy is one year longer.

(small-scaled ugay) in the waters of Primorye is also widespread. It is found in the Sakhalin-Kuril waters, off the coast of Japan, China and Korea. The fish are medium in size, reaching a length of 50 cm and a weight of 1.5 kg. It lives in both fresh and sea water (even ocean water). Small-scaled rudd spawns at a later date, and its spawning is spread out over time, the bulk spawns from mid-May to the end of June, but even in October you can find fish with mature reproductive products. During spawning, a longitudinal red stripe appears on the body of males and females, and a red spot appears at the beginning of the lateral line. “Pearl rash” is less prominent and is represented by white dots on the head and body. They spawn at the very rapids; eggs are not buried in the ground, but glued to stones and pebbles. The caviar is sticky and yellow in color. Fertility at the age of 6-9 years is 15-55 thousand eggs and depends on the size of the fish. Spawned fish roll into the sea. The small-scaled eel feeds in waters with higher salinity and at greater depths (up to 40-50 m), compared to the large-scaled rudd (10-20 m).

Far Eastern rudd feed on polychaete worms, bottom crustaceans, and fish eggs.

Rudds have high nutritional value; during the feeding period they are plump and fat, therefore in Primorye, Far Eastern rudds are an important commercial fish, as well as an object of recreational fishing.

Gavrenkov Yu.I. (TINRO-center) Gileva T.V. (gymnasium No. 1, Vladivostok)

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Material in sections:

• Marine inhabitants of the south of the Russian Far East

Habitat and abundance

There are about 2000 species in the carp family. These include freshwater, marine and even aquarium fish. Due to the huge number within the family, there are over 250 genera, united in 9 subfamilies.

Naturally, such species diversity predetermined the wide distribution of all cyprinids, whose habitat includes tropical and temperate zones, as well as the Arctic Circle. Thus, these fish are characterized not by a zonal distribution (distinguishing most freshwater fish), but by a radial distribution. To be more precise, representatives of this family live in reservoirs and water areas:

• Africa;
• Europe;
• Asia;
• Australia;
• North America, etc.

Representatives of the carp family are found in many corners of the Earth

Cyprinids are not found in South America, New Guinea, the Caribbean islands, etc. Moreover, their main habitat is Asia and Europe. The rarest numbers of individuals are observed in African and North American territories. There is also a decrease in the number of carp fish closer to northern latitudes, which is explained by their relative heat-loving nature. So, only a few representatives of the carp family live in the northern territories of Eurasia. Among the most famous to the simple fisherman are roach, dace, ide, crucian carp, etc.

Order Cypriniformes. Cypriniformes

Mainly freshwater fish, distinguished from other orders by the presence of the Weberian apparatus - a series of bones connecting the labyrinth to the swim bladder - serving as an organ for sensing environmental pressure. The swim bladder is usually connected to the intestines. The pelvic fins are usually located behind the pectoral fins on the belly. Spines are usually absent, and if present, there are only one spine (in the dorsal spine, sometimes two). There are no spines in the ventral fins. In the shoulder girdle, as a rule, there is a mesocoracoid. There is no basisphenoid. There is an orbitosphenoid. Bones typically contain bone cells. The otolith is usually in the lagena and sacculus. The body is covered with cycloid scales, either bare or covered with bony spines and plates. Cypriniformes inhabit the waters of North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Most cyprinids, as indicated, are freshwater fish. Only catfish of the families Plotosidae and Ariidae have fully adapted to life in seawater. Cyprinids, inhabiting the waters of Australia and Madagascar, belong only to generative marine families. This indicates that the colonization of the fresh waters of Australia and Madagascar by cyprinids occurred after the separation of these land areas from other continents. For the first time, undoubted remains of cyprinids appear in fossil form in the Upper Cretaceous deposits. However, Frost indicates the discovery of apparently catfish otoliths from the Upper Jurassic deposits of England. Even if this indication is incorrect, then in any case there is no doubt that cyprinids arose no later than the beginning of the Cretaceous. Regarding the origin of this group, there are a number of points of view among modern ichthyologists. Most breed cyprinids from ancient herrings. Some authors, however, suggest that Cypriniformes originate from Holostei, in particular from Amiiformes. It seems to me that the first point of view is currently the only acceptable one. It is currently difficult to say from which exact group of herrings the cyprinids originated. Some authors derive them from Lycopteroidei, others from Elopidae. However, now we do not yet have sufficient material to establish the origin of cyprinids from one or another group of herrings. Cyprinids undoubtedly originated in fresh tropical waters and from here they spread to other latitudes and went out to sea. About five thousand species belong to the order Cyprinidae. Many of them are of great commercial importance. The order Cyprinidae contains four suborders: characins - Characinoidei, electric eels - Gymnotoidei, cyprinids - Cyprinoidei and catfishes - Siluroidei. The suborder closest to the original type is undoubtedly the characins, however, it is hardly possible to derive all other suborders, except electric eels, from the characins; it would be more correct to consider the characins, cyprinids and catfishes as groups descended from a common ancestor. The named suborders differ from each other as follows. The jaws have teeth. There are scales, the pharyngeal bones are normal, and there are usually no whiskers. The mouth is not retractable. Usually there is an adipose fin (except in the family Erythrinidae). The anus is not on the throat. The body is non-acneous. Characins - Characinoidei, the mouth is not retractable, there are usually teeth on the jaws. The body is eel-shaped. Anal hole on the throat. The anal fin is very long. — Electric acne — Gymnotoidei. The mouth is usually retractable, there are no teeth on the jaws. There are pharyngeal teeth. The body is covered with scales or naked, and there is usually no adipose fin. The anus is not on the throat. — Cyprinids — Cyprinoidei. The mouth is not retractable. There are teeth on the jaws. The pharyngeal bones are of the usual type. There are more or less developed mustaches. The body is either naked or covered with bone spines and plates; there are never scales. — Catfish — Siluroidei.

• Suborder characins. Chakacinoidei (part 1)
• Suborder characins. Chakacinoidei (part 2)
• Suborder electric eels. Gymnotoidei
• Suborder Cyprinidae. Сyprinoidei
• Carp family. Cyprinidae (part 1)
• Carp family. Cyprinidae (part 2)
• Carp family. Cyprinidae (part 3)
• Carp family. Cyprinidae (part 4)
• Carp family. Cyprinidae (part 5)
• Subfamily Leuciscini. Rod Elets (part 1)
• Subfamily Leuciscini. Rod Elets (part 2)
• Minnow genus Phoxinus and Oreoleuciscus
• A genus of roach. Rutilus (part 1)
• A genus of roach. Rutilus (part 2)
• A genus of roach. Rutilus (part 3)
• A genus of roach. Rutilus (part 4)
• Genus black cupid. Mylopharyngodon
• Genus rudd and asp
• Genus pike-shaped and Amur asps, verkhovkas
• Shemai clan. Сhalcalburnus (part 1)
• Shemai clan. Сhalcalburnus (part 2)
• Genus of bleak and bystryanka
• Genus of bream. Abramis (part 1)
• Genus of bream. Abramis (part 2)
• Genus of bream. Abramis (part 3)
• A genus of fishermen. Vimba
• Genus of saberfish. Pelecas
• Line genus. Tina
• Podust subfamily. Chondrostomini
• Barbel subfamily. Barbini (part 1)

Classification

This order includes most freshwater representatives of the fish class. The length of which is from 6 cm to 1.7 m. They live on all continents except Antarctica. The order Cypriniformes includes four suborders: characins, electric eels, cyprinids and catfishes. In turn, the suborders are divided into a large number of families, uniting about 5 thousand species of fish, most common in the waters of Africa, North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Despite significant differences in conditions and lifestyle, in the structure and shape of the body, they all have a number of common characteristics. Among the most important are the presence in the vast majority of fish of a swim bladder connected to the digestive tract, and a kind of “Weberian apparatus” that serves to perceive water pressure. Their pelvic fins are mostly located behind the pectoral fins. Representatives of the suborder live in Kazakhstan. Cyprinids include freshwater fish whose jaws do not bear teeth, but have strong teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones of the gill apparatus, forming the pharyngeal chewing apparatus. The body is usually covered with scales, in very few it is naked; the head is bare; there is no adipose fin, the mouth is more or less retractable and often equipped with antennae; The swim bladder is divided into two or more sections. This group includes 6 families containing about 1800 species. Representatives of the suborder of electric eels, which inhabit the fresh waters of Central and South America, are usually kept only in aquariums of zoos and zoological gardens, since they are too large in size.

Aquarist's Guide

Order Cypriniformes _

Suborder Cyprinidae ( Cyprinoidei )

Acheilognathus meridianus - Acheilognathus meridianus

Burnt tail barb - Balantiocheilos ambusticauda

Balan shark - Balantiocheilos melanopterus

Barboides slender, amber - Barboides gracilis

Barbus apogon - Anemathys apogon

Spiny barb - Cyclocheilichthys janthochir

Octozona barb, glass, eight-stroke - Eirmotus octozona

Decorated Eirmotus - Eirmotus insignis

Subfamily (Leuciscinae)

Notropis pearl, rainbow - Notropis chrosomus

Demoiselle minnow - Phoxinus phoxinus

Arilius coppernosed, Christy - Raiamas christyi

Sawbwa resplendens, red-nosed parsing - Sawbwa resplendens

Leptobarbus Heveni. Apollo Barbus - Leptobarbus hoevenii

Red-finned Leptobarbus, sultan fish - Leptobarbus rubripinna

Labiobarbus festivus

Labiobarbus leptocheilus _

Subfamily Barbinae

African Barbus, Gambian - Barbus ablabes

Variegated fin barb - Barbus callipterus

Barbus pinkish, sparkling—Barbus candens

Angolan barb, blue-hatched tiger - Barbus fasciolatus

Barbus butterfly, moth - Barbus hulstaerti

Long-striped barb - Barbus holotaenia

Orange-finned barb - Barbus eutaenia

Barbus jae, jay - Barbus jae

Barbus janssensi - Barbus janssensi

Orange Barbus - Barbus leonensis

Barbus pobeguini _

Walker's barb - Barbus walkeri

Red-tailed barb, altus - Barbonymus altus

Silver barb, Javan - Barbonymus gonionotus

Barb, schwanefeld, foil barb - Barbonymus schwanenfeldii

Subfamily (Danioninae)

Barilius thin-striped, barna - Barilius barna

Barilius dogarsinghi

Barilius shacra _

Crossocheilus atrilimes - Crossocheilus atrilimes

Crossocheilus citripinnis

Crossocheilus siamese or Siamese algae eater

Crossocheilus Thailand, flying fox - Crossocheilus oblongus

Crossocheilus langei

Gangetic algae eater - Crossocheilus latius

Piebald epalceorhynchus - Crossocheilus reticulatus

Pearl Danio - Danio albolineatus

Panther zebrafish - Danio aesculapii

Danio chopra, light, firefly zebrafish - Danio choprae

Danio dangila, olive, whiskered danio - Danio dangila

Micro-boring tape, emerald – Danio erythromicron

Danio Burmese, Yoma danio, fagradei - Danio feegradei

Danio blue, Thai, kerry - Danio kerri

Orange-finned danio, leopard - Danio kyathit

Galaxy, galaxy, pearl zebrafish - Danio margaritatus

Danio dotted, black-striped, nigrofasciatus - Danio nigrofasciatus

Pink Danio - Danio roseus

Spotted Danio, “Golden Rings” - Danio tinwini

Danio rerio, zebra, lady's stocking - Danio rerio

Leopard Danio - Danio sp. frankei

Fluorescent zebrafish - Danio GloFish .

Danio equipinnatus - Devario aequipinnatus

Devario assamensis - Devario assamensis

Barilius auropurpures - Devario auropurpureus

Devario - Devario chrysotaeniatus

Danio bengal, devario - Devario devario

Devario matangensis - Devario maetaengensis

Devario malabaricus

Devario, Barilius barna, pathirana - Devario pathirana

Royal Danio, Regina – Devario regina

Devario sondhii _

Microdivario gatesi

Micro-disassembly neon kubotai

Microdivarion nana

Family Cyprinidae - Cyprinidae

Labeo bicolor, red-tailed shark - Epalzeorhynchos bicolor

Labeo munense - Epalzeorhynchos munense

Labeo thailand, green, rainbow, frenatus - Epalzeorhynchos frenatus

Epalzeorhynchos kalopterus

Flying ezomus, danricus -Esomus danricus

Lineatus - Esomus lineatus

Esomus malayensis - Esomus malayensis

Esomus striped, metallicus - Esomus metallicus

Esomus striped, metallicus - Esomus metallicus

Esomus thermoicos -Esomus thermoicos

False Siamese algae eater - Garra cambodgiensis

Garra panda, flavatra, rainbow algae eater - Garra flavatra

Garra rufa, doctor fish - Garra rufa

Yellowfin pearl barb - Hypsibarbus pierrei

Lemonfin barb, pearl barb - Hypsibarbus wetmorei

Laubuca bluish, bluish-spotted - Laubuca caeruleostigmata

Laubuca dadiburjori, orange, golden-nosed chela - Laubuca dadiburjori

Indian laubuca - Laubuca laubuca

Black labeo, chrysophekadeon, morulius - Labeo chrysophekadion

Congolese labeo-harlequin, multi-colored - Labeo cyclorhynchus

Silver Labeo - Labeo forskalii

Oreichthys cosuatis

Sailfin barb - Oreichthys crenuchoides

Subfamily Barbinae

Barbus arulius, scythe-finned, glossy barbel - Dawkinsia arulius

Barbus filamentosa, filamentous. Olive Clown - Dawkinsia filamentosa

Puntius rohani - Dawkinsia rohani

Black-spotted panda barb, Indian striped barb - Dravidia fasciata

Ceylon barb, cuminga - Pethia cumingii

Barbus didi - Pethia didi

Barbus helius, solar, dwarf - Pethia gelius

Three-striped barb, narayani - Pethia narayani

Barbus futunio. Bengal longhorned beetle - Pethia phutunio

Pethia shalynius

Fire barb, solar barb - Pethia conchoniu

Barbus black, black striped, ruby ​​black - Pethia nigrofasciata

Scarlet barb, ticto—Pethia ticto

Odessa ruby ​​barb – Pethia padamya

Barbus Stolitsky, scarlet - Pethia stoliczkana

Clown Barbus, Everett - Puntius everetti

Barbus chola, swamp - Puntius chola

Barbus spotted, two-spotted - Puntius binotatus

Two-point barb - Puntius bimaculatus

Denison barb, red-lined barb - Puntius denisonii

Long-nosed barb - Puntius dorsalis

Deceptive barb - Puntius kuchingensis

Cross barb, lateristriga - Puntius lateristriga

Barbus oligolepis, Island barbel, small-scaled barb - Puntius oligolepis

Flag barb, Maharaja - Puntius sahyadriensis

Barbus mahecola - Puntius mahecola

Puntius sharmai

Single-stroke barb - Puntius vittatus

Barbus striped, four-line, black-striped lineatus - Puntius lineatus

Twin barb - Puntius gemellus

Bangkai barb, lined, striped - Puntius johorensis

Three-striped barb - Puntius trifasciatus

Chinese barb, green - Puntius semifasciolatus

Schubert barb, lemon - Puntius semifasciolatus “Schuberti”

Golden barb, Saxa - Puntius sachsii

Cherry barb , titteya - Puntius titteya

Forsha barb - Systomus foerschi

Red-cheeked barb - Systomus orphoides

Diamond-striped barb, rhomboocellatus - Systomus rhomboocellatus

Five-striped barb - Systomus pentazona

Six-banded hexazona - Systomus hexazona

Barbus partipentazona - Systomus partipentazona

Sumatran barb, tiger - Systomus tetrazona

Four-striped barb, anchisporus - Systomus anchisporus

Pink, ocellated bitterling - Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus

Common bitterweed - Rhodeus sericeus

Family Cyprinidae - Cyprinidae

Cardinal, false neon - Tanichthys albonubes

Vietnamese cardinal, white cloud - Tanichthys micagemmae

Subfamily Rasborinae (Rasborinae)

Rasbora dorsiocellata - Brevibora dorsiocellata

Rasbora brittani - Kottelatia brittani

Microrasbora rubescens

Rasbosoma spilocerca

Fire rasbora, mother-of-pearl, pearl - Rasboroides vaterifloris

Purple-striped rasbora - Trigonopoma gracile

Red-lined, red-striped, Malayan rasbora - Trigonopoma pauciperforatum

Rasbora axelrodi - Sundadanio axelrodi

Brigitte's Boraras - Boraras brigittae

Spotted rasbora, hummingbird, dwarf - Boraras maculatus

Boraras naevus _

Boraras red - Boraras merah

Boraras is small, microscopic - Boraras micros

Bararas firefly, urophthalmois - Boraras urophthalmoides

Rasbora heteromorph, wedge-spotted, wedge-shaped - Trigonostigma heteromorpha

Siamese rasbora, sompong - Trigonostigma somphongsi

Trigonostigma harlequin, espei - Trigonostigma espei

Rasbora hengeli - Trigonostigma hengeli

Silver Rasbora - Rasbora argyrotaenia

Red-tailed rasbora, borapetensis - Rasbora borapetensis

Rasbora caudimaculata

Rasbora cephalotaenia _

Indian rasbora, blue striped - Rasbora daniconius

Myers' Rasbora - Rasbora dusonensis

Einthoven's Rasbora, diamond - Rasbora einthovenii

Rasbora elegant, three-spotted, yellow - Rasbora elegans

Rasbora clown, colorful - Rasbora kalochroma

Cherry rasbora - Rasbora lacrimula

Rasbora meinkeni _

Rasbora reticulata _

Redfin rasbora - Rasbora rubrodorsalis

Yellowtail rasbora, Sarawakian - Rasbora sarawakensis

Steiner's rasbora, Chinese - Rasbora steineri

Rasbora trilineata, glass - Rasbora trilineata

Rasbora tornieri

Rasbora sumatrana _

Genus Carassius - Carassius

Goldfish Carassius auratus auratus

Ranchu, Buffalohead, Lionhead. "Ranchu", "Lion Head"

Nanjing - goldfish from Izumo . "Nankin"

Wakin (Weikin), Tosa or Japanese goldfish, fantail. "Fantais"

Tosakin, Fantail, Peacock Tail, Curly Tail. “Tosakin”, “Tosakingyo”

Veiltail, Liukin, Riukin, Plumetail. "Ryukin", " Veiltail"

Water eyes. “ Signon”, “Bubble eye”

Pearl, Chinsyurin. “Chinshurin”, “ Pearlscale”

Comet. “Comet-tail Goldfish”, “Sarasa Comet”, “Pond Comet”

Oranda (shishigashira, pompom). “Oranda”, “Redcap Oranda”

Stargazer, supergazer or celestial eye, chotengan. “Chotengan”, “Celestial eye”, “Stargazer”

Demekin, Telescope, Water Dragon. “ Demekin”, “Telescope eye”, “Globe Eye Goldfish”

The telescope is black. “Black Demekin”, “Black Peony Goldfish”

Shubunkin. “Shubunkin”, “Calico”, “Speckled”, “Harlequin”

Genus Koi carp - Cyprinus.

Colored koi carp, brocade carp, Koi Carp - Cyprinus carpio koi

Order Cypriniformes _

Currently, this order includes more than 2,000 species of freshwater fish, widespread in Eurasia, North America and Africa. There are no cyprinids in Australia. Their characteristic feature is the absence of teeth on the jaws. The mouth of cypriniformes is often retractable, and in many species it has antennae. The body is usually covered with cycloid scales, less often naked. Freshwater fish belong to the order Cyprinidae, which, unlike other orders, have the so-called Weber’s apparatus, which is a series of bones connecting the swim bladder to the labyrinth. Unites a large group of fish, about 15% of all known fish in general.

Suborder Cyprinidae ( Cyprinoidei )

Cyprinids are common in fresh waters of Europe, Asia, Africa and North America; they are not found in South and Central America, Madagascar, the southeastern islands of Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to lakes, ponds, mountain streams and rivers, cyprinids can be found in brackish waters and even in the seas. Cyprinids include freshwater (with a few exceptions) fish whose jaws do not bear teeth, but have strong teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones of the gill apparatus, forming the pharyngeal chewing apparatus. Together with the keratinized palate, these teeth, like millstones, grind and grind food consisting of plants and small aquatic animals dressed in chitinous or calcareous covers. The body is usually covered with scales, very few are naked, the head is bare, there is no adipose fin, the mouth is more or less retractable and often equipped with antennae, the swim bladder is divided into two or more sections.

The family of carp fish is especially large, containing about 245 genera and more than 1,500 species. Among the cyprinids you can find both small fish, barely reaching a few centimeters in length, and large species, some of which are of commercial importance. Representatives of cyprinids, adapted to the aquarium, are generally peaceful fish and suitable for keeping together with other fish. Some species establish their own habitat zones in the aquarium and become aggressive when their “compatriots” invade. This phenomenon is forced, due to the cramped conditions of the aquarium.

Cyprinids spawn either in a school or in pairs separated from the school, throwing out a large amount of eggs falling on plants and the bottom of reservoirs. Most species do not show any care for their offspring. The reproduction of cyprinids, like many other fish in nature, is associated with a certain time of year, when optimal conditions appear for the development of eggs and the nutrition of growing young. Reproduction of fish living in tropical areas is usually confined to the rainy season; in an aquarium it can occur throughout the year. Fish from temperate zones spawn in the spring. The readiness to spawn is accompanied by the appearance of a characteristic “wedding” outfit. The coloring, especially in males, becomes bright. Pisces become restless and tend to change places; Forming huge flocks, they sometimes travel a long way to their traditional spawning grounds, where their numerous offspring will find the warmth and food necessary for successful development.

Family Cyprinidae (Cyprinidae)

Cyprinids inhabit the waters of Africa (except Madagascar), southern Asia, North America and Europe. The fauna of South Asia and Africa is especially rich in cyprinids. It unites freshwater and brackish-water fish and is the largest family of the suborder. Many representatives are small, beautifully and variedly colored; Most of them are distinguished by their mobility; they stay in schools in the middle layers of water. The great diversity of these fish is explained by the difference in environmental conditions of their habitats. These are fast-flowing rivers, lakes, ponds of temperate latitudes, and highly heated tropical reservoirs. Constant light conditions and high water temperatures in reservoirs in tropical zones promote photosynthesis, which is why there is an abundance of phytoplankton, algae and higher plants all year round. These plants can be directly used as food by some of the cyprinids, for example Labeo.

In addition, the death and rapid decomposition of huge plant masses causes the formation of a thick layer of detritus, where zoobenthophages - numerous representatives of barbs, zebrafish, rasboras and other fish - find food. Differences in food determine differences in the structure of the mouth, pharyngeal teeth, intestines, the presence of mustaches and other features. Species that forage on soft soils have a mouth that extends in the form of a tube, capable of sucking various invertebrates (larvae, worms, etc.) from the mud. The mouth is usually lower. Many species have antennae that help them find food, as well as more or less developed lips.

All of them are peaceful and suitable for keeping together. Their body is flattened laterally, the upper and lower parts are symmetrical. The coloring of fish is also largely determined by the characteristics of their biology. Species that stay in the water column have a “pelagic coloration”: a silvery belly and sides, a dark green back. In fish that lead a bottom-dwelling lifestyle, the back is usually light gray in color, the sides are plain, spotted or have another motley pattern. Easily adapts to the aquarium. Some species are aggressive, they can damage plants and bite the long fins of other fish.

Some cyprinids loosen the soil in search of food, so it is best to use coarse sand or pebbles that do not have sharp edges as soil.
Plants should be securely fastened. Many fish have schooling behavior. However, the number of individuals of one species in this case should not exceed 10. All aquarium barbs are Asian or Asian-African fish, have a finite mouth and are small in size. Small cyprinids mature at 6-18 months, large ones at 3-4 years. Males are usually smaller, slimmer and brighter than females, often have more developed fins, and during the mating season they have a pearly rash on their head, fins and upper body. They live in an aquarium for about 5 years, dwarf forms - 2.5 years, large species - 10-15 years. Maintenance conditions: hardness 5-20°, pH 6.5-8.0, temperature 20-30°C, aeration, filtration, water change. (Visited 247 times, 1 visits today)